Iran’s cultural and linguistic diversity has developed through centuries of migration, shared institutions, and overlapping historical experiences. Understanding this complexity…
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The United States’ decision to sanction the International Criminal Court expands financial pressure from individual judges and officials to the…
Health inequality in Iran’s Kurdish regions is shaped not only by hospitals and medical services, but also by geography, infrastructure,…
The murder of 16-year-old Hana Rekan in Kermanshah highlights severe gaps in child protection systems. Reports of prior domestic violence…
A legal study by Dr. Mohammad Ghazi Janabi examines whether non-state armed groups possessing military capabilities, territorial control, and cross-border…
A legal study by scholar Hawre Ahmed Mohammed analyzes the 2014 ISIS campaign against the Yazidi population, demonstrating how mass…
This analysis examines the strategic transition of the Kurdish issue from armed insurgency toward political and human rights frameworks following…
This legal analysis examines Jan Kleffner's research on international humanitarian law and non-state armed groups, focusing on conflict thresholds, legal…
Determining whether an armed group's conduct is governed by international humanitarian law or human rights law depends on establishing the…
Modern conflicts increasingly feature non-state armed groups operating outside formal international law-making processes, raising critical legal questions regarding how to…