Christel Querton argues that forced marriage within armed groups can constitute forced recruitment and may establish a link between persecution…
human rights
contact and mother-tongue use, military training, detention, and deaths whose circumstances remain unclear. Her testimony details her reasons for joining,…
Reports and footage of armed individuals collecting money from kolbars along the border with the Kurdistan Region of Iraq raise…
Health inequality in Iran’s Kurdish regions is shaped not only by hospitals and medical services, but also by geography, infrastructure,…
Maryam Farrokhi, an 18-year-old from Piranshahr, describes her experience with Komala after being influenced by a friend’s accounts of freedom…
Samira Soufi, a 32-year-old hairdresser and tattoo artist, describes how a work trip to Erbil led to obtaining a supporter…
Kaveh Shahbazi recounts how Instagram contacts persuaded him to join Komala as a teenager with promises of money, housing, a…
Saman Hamidinejad recounts entering a PJAK-controlled area at seventeen and spending fourteen days in a snow-covered mountain cave without adequate…
Hira recounts her recruitment by PAK as a teenager, subsequent confinement and abuse, repeated escape attempts, and her eventual flight…
A legal study by Dr. Mohammad Ghazi Janabi examines whether non-state armed groups possessing military capabilities, territorial control, and cross-border…