{"id":5441,"date":"2026-03-31T20:44:02","date_gmt":"2026-03-31T17:14:02","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.ikhrw.com\/en\/?p=5441"},"modified":"2026-04-02T12:48:40","modified_gmt":"2026-04-02T09:18:40","slug":"missile-attack-salmas-research-center-international-law-analysis","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.ikhrw.com\/en\/report\/missile-attack-salmas-research-center-international-law-analysis\/","title":{"rendered":"Missile Attack on Salmas Research Center: Analysis of the Violation of Territorial Sovereignty and International Humanitarian Law"},"content":{"rendered":"<p data-path-to-node=\"12\">According to an official report released on <b data-path-to-node=\"12\" data-index-in-node=\"44\">March 31 2026 <\/b>by the Director General of Crisis Management for West Azerbaijan Province, an under-construction research center located on the <b data-path-to-node=\"12\" data-index-in-node=\"196\">Salmas\u2013Tasuj road<\/b> was targeted by a missile attack attributed to the United States and Israel. According to statements by Hamed Saffari, this facility had not yet reached the operational stage. The attack caused severe damage to the main building and its towers, with at least one individual reported injured.<\/p>\n<p data-path-to-node=\"13\">The civilian and investigative nature of this center, combined with its non-operational status, are key factors in the legal assessment of this incident.<\/p>\n<h2 data-path-to-node=\"14\"><b data-path-to-node=\"14\" data-index-in-node=\"0\">Violations of International Law<\/b><\/h2>\n<h3 data-path-to-node=\"15\"><b data-path-to-node=\"15\" data-index-in-node=\"0\">1. Violation of the Prohibition of the Use of Force<\/b><\/h3>\n<p data-path-to-node=\"16\">Under <b data-path-to-node=\"16\" data-index-in-node=\"6\">Article 2, Paragraph 4 of the UN Charter<\/b>, all states are prohibited from the threat or use of force against the territorial integrity or political independence of any other state. A missile attack on facilities located within the territory of a state without a UN Security Council mandate or the fulfillment of self-defense conditions (Article 51) constitutes a fundamental breach of this principle.<\/p>\n<h3 data-path-to-node=\"17\"><b data-path-to-node=\"17\" data-index-in-node=\"0\">2. Violation of the Principle of Territorial Sovereignty<\/b><\/h3>\n<p data-path-to-node=\"18\">The principle of territorial sovereignty is a cornerstone of customary international law. Any military action within the territory of a state without its explicit consent is a direct violation of its independence and sovereignty.<\/p>\n<h3 data-path-to-node=\"19\"><b data-path-to-node=\"19\" data-index-in-node=\"0\">3. Violation of International Humanitarian Law (IHL)<\/b><\/h3>\n<p data-path-to-node=\"20\">Given the civilian nature of this research facility, the attack violates the fundamental principles of the law of armed conflict:<\/p>\n<ul data-path-to-node=\"21\">\n<li>\n<p data-path-to-node=\"21,0,0\"><b data-path-to-node=\"21,0,0\" data-index-in-node=\"0\">The Principle of Distinction:<\/b> The requirement to distinguish between military objectives and civilian objects (<b data-path-to-node=\"21,0,0\" data-index-in-node=\"111\">Article 48 of the 1977 Additional Protocol I to the Geneva Conventions<\/b>).<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p data-path-to-node=\"21,1,0\"><b data-path-to-node=\"21,1,0\" data-index-in-node=\"0\">Prohibition of Attacks on Civilian Objects:<\/b> Under <b data-path-to-node=\"21,1,0\" data-index-in-node=\"50\">Article 52 of Additional Protocol I<\/b>, civilian objects are immune from attack.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p data-path-to-node=\"21,2,0\"><b data-path-to-node=\"21,2,0\" data-index-in-node=\"0\">The Principle of Proportionality:<\/b> Prohibiting attacks where the incidental civilian damage is excessive in relation to the anticipated military advantage (<b data-path-to-node=\"21,2,0\" data-index-in-node=\"155\">Article 51, Paragraph 5 of Additional Protocol I<\/b>).<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3 data-path-to-node=\"22\"><b data-path-to-node=\"22\" data-index-in-node=\"0\">4. Threat to International Peace and Security<\/b><\/h3>\n<p data-path-to-node=\"23\">Such actions may be reviewed by the UN Security Council under <b data-path-to-node=\"23\" data-index-in-node=\"62\">Article 39 of the UN Charter<\/b> as a &#8220;threat to peace and security.&#8221;<\/p>\n<h2 data-path-to-node=\"24\"><b data-path-to-node=\"24\" data-index-in-node=\"0\">Legal References<\/b><\/h2>\n<ul data-path-to-node=\"25\">\n<li>\n<p data-path-to-node=\"25,0,0\"><b data-path-to-node=\"25,0,0\" data-index-in-node=\"0\">UN Charter:<\/b> Article 2(4) (Prohibition of the Use of Force), Articles 39 and 51.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p data-path-to-node=\"25,1,0\"><b data-path-to-node=\"25,1,0\" data-index-in-node=\"0\">Geneva Conventions (1949) and Additional Protocol I (1977):<\/b> Articles 48, 51, and 52.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p data-path-to-node=\"25,2,0\"><b data-path-to-node=\"25,2,0\" data-index-in-node=\"0\">Customary IHL:<\/b> Regarding the principle of distinction and protection of civilian targets.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Following the missile attack on an under-construction research center on the Salmas\u2013Tasuj road, this report examines the legal dimensions of the incident, including the breach of Article 2(4) of the UN Charter and the Principle of Distinction in IHL.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":6,"featured_media":5442,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[2],"tags":[1813,1844,1605,1845,1858,1854,1846],"class_list":["post-5441","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-report","tag-geneva-conventions","tag-ihl","tag-international-law","tag-salmas","tag-territorial-sovereignty","tag-un-charter","tag-west-azerbaijan"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v25.7.1 (Yoast SEO v27.4) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Missile Attack on Salmas Research Center: Analysis of the Violation of Territorial Sovereignty and International Humanitarian Law - Iranian Kurdistan Human Rights Watch<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Legal analysis of the missile strike on the Salmas\u2013Tasuj research facility. Examining violations of the UN Charter, territorial sovereignty, and the Geneva Conventions.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ikhrw.com\/en\/report\/missile-attack-salmas-research-center-international-law-analysis\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Missile Attack on Salmas Research Center: Analysis of the Violation of Territorial Sovereignty and International Humanitarian Law\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Legal analysis of the missile strike on the Salmas\u2013Tasuj research facility. 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